ILM AND MADAARIS

ILM & MADARIS :By Hadrat Maulana Muhammad Maseehullah Khan Sherwani(R.A.) An outstanding feature of western institutions of education is the attitude of liberalism. This evil of liberalism simply means the assertion of the nafs ammaarah (the lowly bestial and carnal desire in man) and the elimination of all the restraints divinely imposed on man. Liberalism is the destruction of culture, morality and spirituality. It brings in its wake anarchy, strife, mischief, immorality-fitnah, fasaad, fisq and fujoor. In Islam there is no place for this baneful attitude which rudely severs mans bond of obedience and love with Allah Taala. But, with heavy heart it must be observed that this evil of liberalism has crept into our Deeni Madaaris and have wrought havoc to the spiritual and moral lives of Deeni students. The recent strikes and boycott of classes which occurred in some of our Deeni Madaaris are the consequence of this baneful influence of liberalism which has swept students from the bridge along which they were moving in the quest for true llm the Knowledge of the Deen. This book is an appraisal of the vile situation which has arisen in Deeni Madaaris. ln (his book, Hadhrat Maseehul Ummah sets out the causes, the motives, the evils, the destructive consequences and the final ruin of the spiritual and moral life of those who participate in such vile activity of anarchy and vandalism. The student activity of anarchy and mischief known as strikes and boycotts are examined in the light of the Shariah and the pronouncements of the Quraan and Hadith on the vandalism perpetrated by the victims of liberalism are explained. The true purpose and meaning of Islamic knowledge are explained and the correct attitude and motive for the acquisition of Deeni knowledge are clarified. Without an understanding of these, the attainment of true Ilm is impossible. Without knowing the meaning and purpose of llm-e-Deen the quest for knowledge will prove fruitless and wasted. Therefore, it is imperative that everyone who contemplates to embark on the quest of higher Islamic knowledge read and understand the contents of this book. A student who wishes to pursue the uphill task of Deeni Uloom, the path of which is littered with obstacles, impediments and dangers must as a necessity understand the meaning of his quest and must be able to set forth on the journey of llm in the light and spirit of the conception of the Shariah on this issue explained by Hadhrat Maulana Masihullah Saheb. If the one who desires to travel in search of higher Deeni Uloom, after having read this book, feels that he will not be able to subscribe to the conditions of acquisition of llm and that he will not be able to follow the austere pattern of life necessitated by llm-e-Deen, then let him remain at home. He should then content himself with a basic knowledge of the Deco, such knowledge requisite for the correct motion of the activities of his daily life. It is vital to understand that Deeni Madaaris are not western colleges and universities. Western colleges and universities are institutions of liberalism and nafsaani pleasures. They are institutions of self-exhibition and self-assertion. They are places which are the antithesis of Shari Uloom...they are the negators of the Uloom which gushes from the fountain of Wahi which emanates from the Being of Allah Azza Wa Jal, passes through the medium of Jibraeel (alayhis salaam) and making its first repository in the heart of Muhammadur Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam). Deeni Madaaris are such institutions, which are links in the Chain, which is attached to that noble and illustrious Repository of Ilm-e-Wahi. Deeni Madaaris-or the true Madaaris of the Deen have necessarily to operate under the spirit and shadow of the austerity and privation of the Cave of Hiraa, the first Deeni Madressah where the first lesson of Deeni Ilm was given by the Divine Command IQRAH!. Thus the searcher of Deeni knowledge must remember that if he wishes to take admission to a Deeni Madressah he should not go there and pollute the piety of the institution with his western attitude of liberalism. There is no room for extra-mural activity in a Madressah. There is no room for students associations in a Madressa. In a Deeni Madressah the relationship is and must necessarily be- one of master and slave. The Ustadh is the Master and the student his slave. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam.) said: The Ustadh who teaches the student a single ayat of the Quraan is the master of that student. Thus if the seeker of knowledge is genuine and if he can comprehend this conception of Deeni Uloom and if he can execute the lofty conditions and demands of the relationship of llm then only should he embark on the quest of higher Uloom. If not, let him remain at home and not bring down crashing on his head everlasting deprivation and spiritual and moral destruction- let him not be unjust to his soul by deliberately destroying his dunya and his deen. MAJLISUL ULAMA. RABIUL AWWAL, 1403 DECEMBER, 1982

***************************************************************************************************** THE VIRTUES OF ILM (knowledge) The virtues and significance of Deeni Knowledge are innumerable. The scope of this discussion excludes the presentation of an elaborate and exhaustive exposition of these virtues. There are special books dealing elaborately with this subject. Nevertheless, in the light of the principle: a subject will not be discarded because of inability to attain it in totality, it is proffered in brief that the importance of Deeni Knowledge is of such a degree that the entire arrangement of the external (zahiri) and internal (batini) dimensions of the universe is related to this very knowledge of the Deen. No act - religious or mundane without Deeni knowledge is valid: Hadhrat Hakimul Ummat Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) said in this regard: Deeni knowledge reforms the corrupted and instills life in the dead. One has just to observe the degree of refinement and moral character which imbues even uncultured persons on whom Deeni knowledge has cast its influence properly. It is clear from this statement of Hadhrat Hakimul Ummat (rahmatullah alayhi) that perfection of character, culture, lofty morals and true humanity are acquired by means of Deeni knowledge. In fact, these lofty standards of human life are confined to Deeni knowledge. They are attainable through the avenue of only Deeni knowledge. This achievement of true culture and refinement of character is not possible in any other way. This is no idle or superficial claim. Once Hadhrat Hakimul Ummat (rahmatullah alayhi) declared with much emphasis: I claim with emphasis that without Deeni knowledge it is impossible to acquire morality, intellectual and cultural refinement equilibrium in word and deed. Cultural and moral progress are dependent on Deeni knowledge. Hadhrat Hakimul Ummat (rahmatullah alayhi) has wonderfully and concisely explained in a nutshell all human excellences and lofty attributes. As mentioned earlier, Deeni knowledge brings in its wake a superior culture and civilization no matter in which way the Deeni knowledge is acquired. The best and efficacious way of acquiring Deeni knowledge is through academic study of Arabic, in this regard, Hadhrat Hakimul Ummat (rahmatullah alayhi) said: Knowledge of the Deen has to be acquired no matter in which way. Its effect is most manifested, especially if acquired through the medium of Arabic. The lofty intellectual standard attained by studying the Deen through Arabic is indeed incomparable. When noble people acquire Deeni knowledge via Arabic, their intellectual standard and ability reach such heights which render kings and kingdoms insignificant to them. Once a British military officer (in India) being in full regalia struck awe and fear in the hearts of the simple village-folk. His manner, appearance and attitude truly over-awed the villagers. Any menial person could not muster up courage to even speak to him, so much awe and fear he commanded. This officer barked out the following question to a student of Deeni knowledge, who was studying at an Arabic Madressah What is the matter with all of you? Why do all who study Arabic shave their heads/ (This was a reference to the practice among Madressah students of removing all the hair from their heads.) Without the slightest hesitation the student replied: What is the matter with all of you ? Why do all who study English shave their beards.? This quick and witty reply subdued the officer into silence. Similarly, Sultan Alamghir (rahmatullah alayhi) questioned a student of Deeni knowledge, whose external appearance was haggard and pitiable. The Sultan posed the following quest ion: How many cups of water are there in this pond [i.e. of the Jaami Masjid of Delhi]? The student replied: Your question is incomplete. Alamghir: In which way/ Student; Until the measure of the cup is not specified, your question cannot be answered. However, as a favor, I will nevertheless answer your question. If the cup is as big as the pond, the latter contains one cup; if the cup is half the size of the pond, the latter contains two cups and if the cup is one-quarter in size, the pond will contain four cups ad infinitum. The number of cups will always depend on the proportion of the cup to the pond. Hadhrat ,Alamghir was thus silenced by this witty reply. Deeni knowledge improves ones natural capabilities.

THE DEENI ARABIC MADAARIS

It should now be clear that the Arabic Deeni Madaaris (plural of Madressah) occupy a lofty and noble rank. The excellence of the men who emerged from the portals of these Madaaris bears ample testimony to the elevated pedestal, which these institutions occupied. The superiority of the products. of the Deeni Arabic Madaaris once by far surpassed those who qualified from all the institutions of worldly knowledge. Not so long ago these Deeni Madaaris produced such unique Ulama who were the Imams of Knowledge of their times. Deeni knowledge and the reputation of the Ulama were perpetuated by these illustrious stars of superb knowledge. These noble men were masters of both exoteric and esoteric branches of knowledge.



Even in this day, it is not impossible for these Madaaris to produce such men of distinction. Hadhrat Hakimul Ummat (rahmatullah alayhi) said:

People complain that nowadays men of the calibre of Imam Ghazali and Raazi are not born. I say under oath that even today such men or men greater than Ghazali and Raazi are possible. Knowledge will not end at any time prior to Qiyamah. Nubuwwat has terminated, but not Wilaayat and llm.



In fact, Hakimul Ummat (rahmatullah alayhi) was a living example of such unique Stars of knowledge. Once Hadhrat Thanvi ((rahmatullah alayhi) was summoned to testify in a certain matter affecting the Muslim community. At that time he was 21 years of age and it was only one year after he had completed his academic studies at Darul Uloom Deoband. Since the matter pertained to the Muslim community, the court required expert evidence. The judge asked: Are you an Alim?



Hadhrat Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) thought to himself: If I say no, the European judge will not understand the Asian temperament and will say that the demand of the /summons was not conformed to since the summons set out the need for an Alim. This would be tantamount to bringing disgrace upon myself. If I say, yes, I am an Alim, it would be contrary to the teachings of the maslak [spiritual path] I am following. I therefore, replied:

The Muslims consider me as such.

The judge asked: Do all Muslims accept you?

Hadhrat Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) thought: If I say no, it will be inviting disgrace in the presence of a kafir. Moreover, it will have an adverse affect on the case. If I claim that all Muslims accept me, there was the possibility of me being called on to deal with Hindu-Muslim problems which arose frequently in Kanpur, and I have no desire to assume such responsibility. I therefore replied:

There are two meanings of acceptance

The judge asked: What are the two meanings of acceptance?

Hadhrat Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) replied: One meaning is to acknowledge [i.e. to accept as the truth] and the other is to submit [to act in accordance]. In so far as acknowledging is concerned, all Muslims accept me. No Muslim can say that any law which I state is false. However, regarding submission, well, I do not possess the coercive power of the state to command this acceptance. Thus, in this context, some accept me and some do not.

After the session, the legal teams met and spoke in praise of the answers given. This in fact is the barkat of Deeni Arabic Madaaris. The nature of the knowledge imparted at such Madaaris produces creative and progressive intelligence. It must however be added that such intellectual elevation produced by Deeni knowledge goes hand in hand with tarbiyat (spiritual purification and development).



It is of the utmost importance that the true student- of Deeni knowledge always keeps in mind his position. He must not conform to his desires. He has to dispel all alien ideas and concepts. Of necessity he must remain fully engrossed in his studies and abstain from all extramural activities (activities which are normal, necessary corollaries of secular education). The student in the quest of the lofty and celestial llm of the Deen cannot afford to indulge or participate in any activities other than his studies. If he adopts this pure and determined attitude, solitude and unity of purpose, he will be blessed with amazing progress in his knowledge, intellect and insight.

If the student of Deeni knowledge passes his student days in this sincere and concerted way, there will be no need for him to spend much time in the company of a Sheikh in the pursuit of spiritual reformation and development. Hadhrat Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) once asked a buzrug (saint):

Why is it that Ulama have to make so much less mujahada [striving against the nafs] in Suluk than others(

The buzrug replied;

During their days of acquiring knowledge they are involved in the greatest mujahada.



From this it will be understood that the efforts, unity of purpose, concentration, solitude, sincerity, etc., adopted by the student during his period of study combine to constitute the greatest and most efficient mujahada which subdues, tames, purifies and adorns the nafs, hence the little effort and time required for this purpose after completion of the academic career. Students should now realize and appreciate the fact that their efforts of their student days will never go in vain. Such efforts produce a lofty stage of spirituality.

THE PRESENT SYLLABUS OF THE DEENI MADAARIS

The syllabus of the Deeni Madaaris is so designed as to develop in the student perfect intellectual capability. This syllabus presently operative in the Deeni Madaaris is known as Dars-e-Nizaami. In this regard, Hakimul Ummat Maulana Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) avers:

If an average student of average intelligence pursues the Dars-e-Nizaami course, he will develop amazing intellectual capability. No degree of any secular institution, be it Oxford, Cambridge or Harvard, can, measure up to it.

Mantiq,(logic) permeates most of the text-books of this course. Mantiq plays a very important role in this syllabus. It produces sharpness in intellect, which in turn advances intelligence and creates far-sighted-ness. The study of mantiq is a great aid in the study and understanding of the Quraan Majeed. Hence, if the Dars-e-Nizaami is acquired correctly, with understanding and diligence, observing all the spiritual requirements attendant to Deeni knowledge, nothing more will be needed, The syllabus prepared by the Aslaaf (our pious forbearers) is comprehensive. It contains everything, but the condition for the successful manifestation of its effects is acquisition with proper understanding and fulfilling all necessary conditions and etiquettes.



AN OBJECTION



An objection or a query may be posed at this juncture. If in the past there emerged from the portals of these Madaaris great and illustrious men of outstanding spiritual and intellectual ability and rank, Ulama and Mashaaikh of the highest order and calibre, Stars of guidance and perfection, then what has happened now? Why do we no longer find such men of outstanding calibre being prepared by the Madaaris¿ The simple answer to this query is that Deeni knowledge is no longer pursued and acquired in the manner in which our illustrious predecessors did. Nowadays, their method and their attitude are no longer adopted. Their example is no longer adhered to. This then is the reason for the absence of such men of intellect, insight, intelligence, knowledge and spirituality. The attainment of the barakaat and the fruits of knowledge which were experienced long ago is possible only by following the ways and methods of those great souls who were outstanding Stars of success in the realm of Deeni knowledge. The methods and life-styles of our illustrious Aslaaf during their student days are extant in great detail in many books on their lives. A brief description will be presented here to facilitate insight into the matter.

The former noble Ulama of the Deen during their period of acquiring knowledge upheld all the conditions requisite for the acquisition of Deeni knowledge and they abstained rigidly from all such factors which constitute impediments and harms in the path of acquiring Deeni knowledge. They were therefore blessed with the wealth of Deeni knowledge true knowledge, its barakaat and effects. A logical and an accepted requisite for the derivation of the fullest effect and benefit of anything is the combination of the following two ingredients:



(1) Fulfillment of the conditions (Shariat), and

(2) Elimination of all obstacles (Mawaani)



Let us now examine in the light of the afore-stated logical principle, the state of those involved in the acquisition of Deeni knowledge. An examination will reveal that generally, no consideration is given to this principle. Its requirements are not met. Students accord no attention to the adoption of the shari (conditions) imperative to the acquisition of Ilm nor do they bother about the mawaani (obstacles and impediments). They fail to abstain from factors harmful and utterly destructive to Ilm-e-Deen. This uphill Path in the quest of the lofty and celestial knowledge of the Deen is cluttered with many a pitfall, danger, harms and obstacles. But students of this knowledge no longer care to save themselves from these factors, which apply a strong braking effect on the acquisition of Deeni knowledge. In fact, the overwhelming majority of todays students are not even .aware of the conditions and the impediments of Deeni knowledge. On the other hand, those who are aware of the conditions and impediments of tahseel-e-ilm are overwhelmed by negligence, indolence and the greatest disaster of all, viz., liberalism.



Abu Dardaa (one of Rasulullahs Sahaba) narrated that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alibi Wasallam) was questioned about those grounded in knowledge (the expression used in the Quran.) Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) replied: They are those who fulfill their pledges; who speak the truth; whose hearts are pure; who maintain the purity of their stomachs (they do net devour what is unlawful); and, who guard their chastity (they do not indulge in fornication) - they are the men grounded in knowledge.

(Tafseerul Mazhari)



SHARA-IT OF ILM (KNOWLEDGE)



The first and foremost condition of knowledge is ikhlaas (sincerity). The student must be genuine in his quest for knowledge. This is absolute and imperative. If he fails in this fundamental and pivotal requirement, all his efforts in the quest of llm-e-Deen will be fruitless. In addition, his quest must be correct and true. Ilm is not attainable by mere desire and imagination by hopes and wishes without toil and labour. Ilm is no intellectual pastime. It is not an activity to fulfill the demand of leisure. Its attainment is difficult because it is not a cheap entity nor is it a substance of inferior quality. It is a priceless treasure, hence everyone is not in position to procure it. Ilm is not like a lewd woman to be prostituted by all and sundry. Its similitude is that of a royal princess of exceptional grace, modesty, chastity, beauty, charm and elegance Her noble qualities have captivated a whole world. A thousand efforts too in her quest go in vain. It has thus been said:

Knowledge will not give you even a part of it until you do not give up your whole to it.

As long as the student of Deeni knowledge is not totally absorbed in knowledge, he will not acquire a share of true knowledge-of this knowledge of the Deen. This knowledge will not open up its Door to the one who refuses to submit himself in entirety to its dictates. The treasure of llm can never be acquired by the student dwelling in negligence, indolence and in the pursuit of mundane comfort and luxury. It is imperative that the student sacrifices comfort and luxury and adopt difficulty, hardship and the correct ways and means of acquiring knowledge. Mere wishes and hopes will never avail, in this field which demands toil and sacrifice. In this regard the Muhaqqiqeen have said:

If the acquisition of this [Deeni] knowledge was by means of wishes, there would not have remained an ignoramus in -creation. Therefore, strive and be not indolent for the consequence of regret is for the indolent.

It is thus abundantly evident that nothing is attainable on the basis of wishes and hopes. Great effort, devotion and sacrifice are required. The correct ways and means have to be harnessed. One who merely desires knowledge, is not in the quest of knowledge. A claimant will be said to be a true searcher of knowledge only if he harnesses all the requirements, ways and means of knowledge. Adoption of the correct ways and means

and the elimination of the obstacles are essential for success in every sphere of life. One who denies this fact or is not prepared to undergo the trials and rigours, nor devotes himself to the task or mission of his wishes, will never attain his desired goal of success. Such a person is merely building castles in the air.

Taking admission in a Madressah, living there and engaging superficially in the study of books will never suffice. This type of student is like a man wandering aimlessly around a farmland. He does not adopt the ways and means of agriculture-he does not labour and toil, but he expects a harvest of crops. Everyone will label such a man as an ignoramus. It must now be perfectly clear that the first and foremost condition for the acquisition of Deeni Knowledge is a genuine quest and such a quest entails the cultivation of the ways and means.

It is essential that three facts concerning knowledge be understood otherwise there will remain ambiguity, deficiency and weakness in ones quest for llm. These three facts are:



(1) Definition of Ilm.

(2) The subject matter of Ilm.

(3) The purpose and goal of Ilm.

A detailed explanation of these will now be presented.

THE CONCEPT OF ISLAMIC KNOWLEDGE

The written characters, the words and the teaching of the written words are not llm (knowledge). The study of books, instruction and all things related to tuition and study are mere external forms and representations of llm like pictures or images of objects are not the actual objects. Since the words represent and are indicative of Jim, they are figuratively described as llm. Among the definitions of llm given by the authorities some appear hereunder.



(1) Knowledge is Noor [Light] and ignorance is zulmat [darkness].

(2) Knowledge is that entity which no thief can steal, no eliminator can eliminate, no divider can divide. Fire cannot burn it; the ocean cannot drown it and worms cannot devour it. It remains attached to the Aalim. Wherever he goes and in whatever condition he may be in.

(3) Aini said: The Ulama differ in the definition of llm. Some say that, it is indefinable while others aver that it can be defined. The best. definition is: Knowledge is an attribute among the attributes of the nafs. It produces perfect recognition in the metaphysical realm.

(4) Hadhrat Ali [radiallahu anhu] said: llm is an everlasting treasure which will not perish.

(5) Ziyaad Bin Labeed (radiallahu anhu) said: Nabi [sallallahu alayhi wasallam] while explaining a certain matter said: That will occur when ilm disappears.

[Ziyaad] said: 0 Rasulullah [sallallahu alayhi wasallam ]! How will llm disappear while we are reciting the Quraan and are imparting the Quraan. to our offspring and they to their offspring until the Day of Qiyaamah?



Rasulullah [sallallahu alayhi wasallam] said: Alas! 0 Ziyaad! I thought you were among the most intelligent in Madinah. What! Do these Jews and Christians not recite the Taurah and the Injeel while they do not practice on anything of these Books?

In Kaukab it is said: llm has no reality if unaccompanied by amal [practice], like the Ahl-e-Kitaab who are like asses loaded with books, for they derive no benefit from their knowledge.



In Mirqaat it appears:

An Aalim who does not act according to his knowledge is like a jaahil or worse. In fact, he is like an ass loading books. These people are like animals or more astray.

These statements show that llm is not books or what is written in books. Words and expositions are not llm. These are merely indicators of knowledge or reflections of knowledge. They create in one the desire for the acquisition of knowledge.

When Allah Taala desired to send the Noor of Nabi (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) into this lowly and material world so that faidh (spiritual benefit) may be imparted to creation, He did not send it (the Noor) in its original form, but dispatched that Noor via a medium because we lack the capability of deriving benefit from that Noor in its original state. Even if we can derive some benefit from that Noor in its original form, it will be limited and without our knowledge. It would have been a faidh which accrued to us unconsciously. It would have been like the light from the sun. We derive benefit from it, but not by our volition. The relationship of instruction (taleem) and the acquisition of knowledge [taallum) could not have been established with pure Noor in its original state. Thus the true purpose would have remained unattained. And, the true purpose of the dispatch of this Noor into this material realm is, in fact, this taleem and taallum. Thus Allah Taala sent Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) in material form, with a physical body for our benefit.

In the same way llm is too a Noor which Allah Taala sent for our benefit in the form of words and inscriptions. Thus, Jim is not mere words and inscriptions, but is in reality a Noor bestowed to us in the farm of letters and words so that we may attain via this medium the haqaaiq, ma-aarif and laws (i.e. the realities of the Noor of knowledge. Alas! By afar and great, people are unaware of this transcendental reality. It is because of this ignorance that nowadays the acquisition of mere words and letters is considered a great achievement and excellence. But, the Noor of knowledgetrue understanding and insightis not acquired thereby.



THE SUBJECT MATTER OF ILM-E-DEEN



The subject matter of this knowledge is the actions and the states of mukallifeen (those upon whom such actions and states are imposed). These states are the subject of discussion, scrutiny and categorization. In this regard it is ascertained whether these acts and states are true or false; permissible or forbidden. The degree of permissibility or prohibition, etc. is determined.

It will thus be evident that it is totally in conflict with the demand of this llm and highly improper for its votaries (those engaged in the pursuit of llm) to be indifferent and inept regarding their own actions and conditions. They cannot afford to ignore whether these are virtuous or immoral and permissible or forbidden. Since the demand of llm is to distinguish between vice and virtue, both intellectually and practically, the attitude of neglect and indifference of students of Deeni knowledge is totally negatory of the effect of llm.

Now when the very subject matter of llm is eliminated by this indifferent-rent and indiscriminate attitude, then llm will not exist. It has been negated. There then remains no difference between llm and Jahl (ignorance). It is because of this that the Quraan-e-Hakeem describes evil acts that contradict the Shariah, as ignorance. Allah Taala says:

Verily, taubah [to forgive] is the responsibility of Allah for those who practiced evil in the state of jahaalah [ignorance].

In terms of Allahs Promise, He will forgive those who perpetrated sin in ignorance. Hadhrat Mujaahid (rahmatullah alayhi), the Imam of Tafseer, said:

Every perpetrator of sin against Allah, is a jaahil when he commits the sin.

Even if the sinner happens to have the form of an Alim, he is a jaahil at the time of committing sin. The illustrious Taabieen, Hadhrat Abul Aaliyah and Hadhrat Qataadah (rahmatullah alayhimaa) said:

The Sahaabah-e-Kiraam are unanimous that every sin committed by man is jahaalah [ignorance] whether the sin is committed knowingly or not.

Hadhrat Ikramah (rahmatullah alayhi) said:

All affairs beyond the confines of Allahs Law are jahaalah.

It is not difficult to understand why sin has been designated as jahaalah. For the sake of a temporary pleasure the sinner sacrifices an everlasting and superior pleasure which will be the consequence of obedience and abstention from sin. The sinner prefers the fleeting pleasure to the everlasting pleasure. He has chosen the inferior instead of the superior. His jahaalah is thus evident. He has chosen a disastrous and painful chastisement for the sake of momentary pleasure. Therefore, the man while indulging in sin cannot be an aaqil (intelligent). Everyone will brand as ignorant the person who strikes such a miserable and calamitous bargain because inspite of being aware of the calamity, he knowingly invites it to settle on him.

Once when Hadhrat Abu Zar Ghifaari (radiallahu anhu) called someone: 0 son of a slave!

Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said to him:

There is yet jahaalah in you. (Bukhari)

This comment of Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) establishes that even an unbecoming statement is in conflict with the subject of knowledge and is in fact jahaalah. The Hadith Shareef also states:

Two qualities do not combine in a hypocrite: a virtuous disposition and the understanding of the Deen.

Knowledge of the Deen, high moral character and the gait and appearance of Sulahaa (pious and saintly ones) do not gather in a munaafiq.

Along with the acquisition of Ilm, cultivation and reformation of morals and the inculcation of all lofty attributes are imperative. Indifference to moral upliftment and contentment with mere letters and words (book knowledge) are the ways of nifaaq (hypocrisy). A munaafiq adopts some practice or form of the Deen with the ulterior motive of acquiring some worldly benefit, material or otherwise. He has absolutely no relationship with obedience, ibaadat and betterment of his Aakhiraah. He is, therefore, not at all bothered with self-reformation and spiritual progress. Hence, his knowledge proves of no benefit. In the Hadith Shareef we are instructed to seek protection against such knowledge which is futile of no benefit

0 Allah! I seek Your protection against a knowledge which does not benefit.

In explaining this hadith, Allaamah Suyuti (rahmatullah alayhi) said:

i.e. it [the knowledge that does not benefit] does not adorn the character of the baatin which leads to beautiful external [zaahiri] acts and secures future thawaab....

In this regard, Allaamah Suyuti (rahmatullah alayhi) expresses in poetic form, the translation of which is:

0 you who abstain from the lofty character!

There is no pride in knowledge being accumulated

He whose knowledge adorns not his character

Will not benefit by his knowledge in the Aakhirah.



It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that the searcher of knowledge keeps in mind the subject matter (maudhu) of llm and pursues the acquisition of knowledge, holding aloft the rank and standard of his knowledge, remembering at all times and in all circumstances the permissibilities and the prohibitions, eliminating all vestiges of jahaalah from his every act and word; abstaining from the imitation and emulation of statements, actions, mannerism and etiquettes of all types of jahaalah, Yahud, Nasara, kuffaar, mushrikeen, fussaaq and fujjaar; refraining with an attitude of total disgust from the gait, appearance and styles in dress and demeanor of all such people; and striving ardently and enthusiastically to establish and imbue every movement and moment of rest with the hue of llm. This attitude is essential for the student embarked on the quest of Deeni knowledge. This attitude is in total conformity with the maudhu or subject matter of llm-e-Deen.

THE PURPOSE OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE

We have been taught from the very initial stages, i.e. from the elementary text books, that no action of a mature, sane and intelligent person is devoid of purpose and aim. This view is agreed upon by all men of intelligence. Every person who initiates an act does so for either the acquisition of some gain or to ward off some harm. Thus, acquisition of benefit and warding off harm create the motive force for the adoption of the ways and means of any act.



lt is this mental attitude dictated by benefit and harm, advantage and disadvantage which sets into motion the action for either the acquisition of advantage or the elimination of disadvantage. This mental condition is termed niyyat or intention. It can be virtuous as well as evilsincere and insincere. Purpose and intent are thus of two kinds, viz, Sahih (correct and proper) and Faasid (corrupt and improper). Purpose and intention may, in other words, be said to be positive and negative. A correct and proper intention will be said to be positive while a corrupt and improper one will be negative. All negative factors, viz., such intentions and motives which are negatory of the true purpose of llm, have to be banished.

The purpose of acquiring llm-e-Deen should never be the pursuit of rank, high posts, respect, honour, fame, name, expertise in debating, lecturing, etc. The consequence of such improper motives in the pursuit of knowledge will, be to expend effort merely in the attainment of book-knowledge and eloquence in speech. The student will direct his efforts so as to become a good orator and debater; to present talk in an alluring and captivating way. The effort will be for the mere purpose of such superficial gains for an external facade a shadow-of knowledge. This type of student will gain proficiency in the art of review and critic-ism. The result of such improper motives will be the utilization of the proficiency gained for purposes of attaining aggrandizement, pride, vanity, show, fame, confrontation, self-esteem, obstinacy, refusal to concede ones error, searching for the faults of others, suspicion, abuse, and the desire to create a following. These baneful motives will generate greed and the lust to accumulate as much wealth as possible. This person is concerned with pleasing creation instead of the Creator. He becomes negligent and remains indifferent to his spiritual reformation and moral upliftment because of his corrupt motives. He is totally diverted from moral character and his moral depravity are the causes of strife and mischief on earth. Hence, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) sounded the gravest and the sternest of warnings for those who contemplate the acquisition of knowledge on the basis of corrupt motives. In this

regard, Nabi-e-Kareem (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said:  He who seeks knowledge for a motive other than Allah should prepare his abode .in the Fire.



Do not acquire knowledge so as to vie with the Ulama nor to dispute with the ignorant nor for gaining prominence in gatherings by means of it. For him who does so is the Fire, the Fire.



He who acquires for the sake of worldly gain such knowledge by means of which the Pleasure of Allah is sought, will not even smell the fragrance of Jannat on the Day of Qiyamah.

There are many other similar ahadith in condemnation of acquiring knowledge for worldly motives. However, these cited here will suffice for one endowed with a healthy disposition. But one whose thinking and temperament are corrupted, will not benefit even if volumes of such ahadith are cited. An intelligent person derives lesson from a single word whereas piles and volumes of books will not benefit one with a contaminated mind.



It is evident from the ahadith that the knowledge of the Deen should not be pursued for any worldly purpose, be it of whatever nature.

Therefore, the pursuit of Deeni knowledge for obtaining a degree, certificate for livelihood, for the acquisition of wealth, rank, post, fame, honour, etc., will be the consequence of corrupt motives, Any of these purposes will indicate that the intention underlying the pursuit of ilm is corrupt and unwholesome. The one and only purpose of Deeni knowledge is the obtaining of Divine Pleasure. It is imperative that this be well understood. Like other acts of ibaadat, the quest of Deeni knowledge is also an act of ibaadat. Ikhlaas (sincerity) is a prerequisite for all acts of ibaadat. The Shariah commands this ikhlaas, for minus this condition, the act is utterly wasted and constitutes a calamity. Therefore, it is incumbent that Ilm-e-Deen be acquired solely for the purpose of securing the Pleasure of Allah Taala. The searcher of Deeni knowledge should compulsorily and perpetually maintain intact the sincerity of intention in his mind. If he fails in maintaining fresh in his mind this one, true and pure intention and purpose of knowledge, the pursuit of llm will degenerate into a mere past-time. It will deteriorate into an empty profession devoid, of inner power and spiritual force and lustre, which should accompany the knowledge of the Deen. Absence of the pure and correct intention will weaken the resolve of the student of Deen. In any confrontation with falsehood, diversions and impediments which are strewn along this uphill path of Ilm-e-Deen he will fail miserably. His emotions will overwhelm him and indolence will grip him. His ilmi career will remain an idle occupation an exercise of futility and sport.



Thus, the purpose of acquiring Deeni knowledge is nothing but the cultivation of Ridhaa-e-Haqq or the Pleasure of Allah Taala. The way in which this purpose is to be attained is tazkiya-e-nafs or the purification of the nafs. The nafs is mans inner propensity or faculty of desire. It may also be said that the actual purpose of Deeni knowledge is tazkiya-e-nafs because this is the basis on which will be attained the Divine Pleasure, the motive of llm-e-Deen. The student must as a necessity possess this niyyat of tazkiya-e-nafs when embarking on his quest for Deeni knowledge, for the influence and effect of this niyyat will dominate the student. If then, this was the niyyat of the student to attain self-purification there is no reason why the effect of his pure intention will not assert itself. There remains then no reason why capability and piety will not be acquired. in fact, the demand of Ilm-e-Deen is I the purification of the nafs prior to the pursuit of such lofty knowledge, The student should, prior to embarking on his academic career, engage in tazkiyah-e-nafs. Only then should he enter the Path in quest of knowledge.



The proof for this claim is the fact that Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) first adopted solitude and contemplation in the Cave of Hiraa. He practiced mujahada against the nafs. It was subsequent to tazkiyah-e-nafs that Knowledge . was bestowed upon Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam). It was only thereafter that Wahi descended and Nabi (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) was commanded: READ!.



In. view of this it should be understood that one becomes worthy of being a true bearer of llm-e-Deen, llm-e-ilahi and Ilm-e-Wahi only after spiritual purification of the nafs has been achieved and when the baatin (mans heart and soul) has been thoroughly reformed and adorned with lofty attributes of excellence and perfection.

This discussion has abundantly clarified that the correct and proper motive for the acquisition of llm-e-Deen is Radha-e-Ilahi. This is then the second condition (shart) for acquiring knowledge. This condition is also referred to as Husn-e-Niyyat (beauty of intention ) and Ikhlas (sincerity).

NIFAQ THE OPPOSITE OF IKHLAAS

The antonym of ikhlaas is nifaaq. On the basis of the principle, things are recognized by reference to their opposites, it is essential to be aware of nifaaq (hypocrisy). A proper awareness and understanding of the meaning of nifaaq will produce a corresponding awareness and understanding of ikhlaas. The perfection and elevation of ikhlaas increase in proportion to abstention from nifaaq. The greater the elimination of nifaaq, the higher the condition of ikhlaas. It is therefore necessary to elaborate on, the meaning of nifaaq.

lkhlaas and nifaaq are two attributes which operate in every statement and every action. Like ikhlaas has stages, so too has nifaaq. The one is the antithesis of the other, hence both in their states of perfection cannot fuse in one place at the same time because the combination of opposites in a single substratum is impossible. However, they can combine in a single sphere in their states of imperfection. The degree of the non-existence of ikhlaas will produce a corresponding degree of the existence of nifaaq, and the converse is also true, i.e. the degree of the non-existence of nifaaq will bring about a corresponding degree of the existence of ikhlaas. In the Hadith Shareef it is said:

He in who there exist four attributes is a total [or perfect] munaafiq, and he in who there exists one of these four attributes, has in him one part of nifaaq.

It should, therefore, be clear that nifaaq has stages. The aforementioned hadith does not confine the attributes of nifaaq to four. On the basis of the principle, explicit mention does not negate that which is besides what has been mentioned, the reference in the hadith to four attributes of nifaaq does not mean that nifaaq is confined to only four qualities. Confirming ¿ this claim another hadith states:

The signs [aayat] of a munaafiq are three.

Another hadith states: The signs [alaamaat] of a munaafiq are three. These ahadith clarify the fact that reference has been made to some of the factors of nifaaq. Some ahadith mention three while others again state four.

Actually, there are a number of signs and factors of nifaaq, abstention from all being an absolute necessity. At all times one has to be alert to detect the signs of nifaaq so that one remains far, far from this destructive evil. There should be no resemblance whatever with the munafiqeen who are more detestable than other kuffaar and mushrikeen, Greater Wrath and Punishment will be their lot. Total opposition to their ways, appearances, methods, etc. has to be practiced. An lmaan purified becomes the repository of the special grace and subtleties of Allah Taala. Such lofty Imaan can therefore never brook the slightest vestige of nifaaq which is the antithesis of ikhlaas. There is no fusion between the two. They cannot co-exist. The one repels the other.

The fundamental purpose of acquiring llm-e-Deen is the inculcation of divine attributes which imbues one with congeniality for the Deen. The qualities of trust, honesty, justice, reliability, truth and many other lofty attributes then imbue the student. Students of Deeni knowledge should register these facts in their minds and by constant rumination of these, create sincerity and adornment in their Imaan. In this way will they gain Divine Proximity.

No matter how sweet and affable aliens may appear, remain alert and extremely wary of them. Beware of their danger. Association and friend-ship with them bring ruin in their wake. Sheikh Saadi (rahmatullah alayhi) said:

Those who are alert and wary of others, will keep their precious pearls protected.

The Sahaabah-e-Kiraam were therefore, always alert. They were suspicious of their own nafs, never trusting it. They always took stock of their deeds, hence they felt very strongly the slightest weakness which developed in them. They always feared the contamination of nifaaq. Whenever they discerned any adverse conflict in their internal and external conditions, they would suspect themselves of having become the victims of nifaaq. Bukhari Shareef reports the following hadith:

Ibn Abi Maleekah said: I met thirty Sahaba of Nabi [sallallahu alayhi wasallam] all of whom feared the affliction of nifaaq upon their nafs. In the commentary of this hadith it is said:

None of them regarded themselves free of nifaaq.

Imam Hasan Basri (rahmatullah alayhi) said:

It is only the Mumin who fears nifaaq and it is only the munaafiq who feels secure from it.

Imam Ghazali (rahmatullah alayhi) said:

A man said to Huzaifah: I fear Allah, for perhaps I become a munaafiq. Huzaifah replied: If you were a munaafiq you would not have feared nifaaq. Verily, a munaafiq does not fear nifaaq. Only a Mumin fears nifaaq and only a munaafiq feels secure from it.

The sign of true Imaan, therefore, is the recognition of ones own faults and weaknesses, so much so, that one fears for the safety of ones Imaan. The true believer feels that his condition is like that of the munafiqeen. An uncaring and self-assured attitude and indifference to ones faults and defects are ingredients of a hypocritical condition.

It will be apparent now that nifaaq was not I confined to the age of Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam). When even the Sahaabah-e-Kiraam suspected themselves as victims of nifaaq whenever they considered in themselves a decrease in sincerity, then who can feel snug and regard his actions and states to have attained perfection in truth and sincerity Who can now feel fully safe and free from hypocrisy when even weakness in ikhlas is a partial resemblance with the munafiqeen¿ How can one be careless about ones spiritual reformation when the danger of nifaaq is constantly hovering over us ready to contaminate our Imaan?.

Imam Ghazali (rahmatullah alayhi) states in Ihya-ul Uloom:

Muzaifah said: Today, there are more hypocrites than were in the time of Nabi [sallallahu alayhi wassallam]. During that time they concealed their nifaaq, but nowadays they exhibit it. Nifaaq is the opposite of truth and Imaan. It is a hidden condition.

When it was said to Hasan Basri that some claim that nowadays there is no longer nifaaq, he replied: 0 my) brother! [Today their number is so great] that if they all died [now] you will be overwhelmed with fear [because of the desolateness of the earth by virtue of silence in the roads. [In other words, the world will become almost empty and an eerie silence will permeate it as a result of this emptiness J.

Hasan Basri or some other saint also said:

If the munafiqeen had to grow tails, then we would not have been able to set our feet on the ground [because the whole earth would be covered by their tails. This expresses their abundance].

A similar expression is given in Ruhul Maaani:

The signs of a munaafiq are three. When he speaks, he lies; when he promises, he violates it; and, when he is trusted, he abuses that trust.

Another sign of nifaaq is also given in the authentic narrations of ahadith. That sign is: when the munaafiq disputes, he becomes abusive. A doubt arises at this juncture. These traits mentioned in regard to nifaaq sometimes are found in such muslims whose Islam is beyond reproach.

There is no doubt regarding their Imaan. In fact, nowadays a great many among even the Ulama are afflicted with these evils. The hadith also corroborates this by saying:

The majority of the munafiqeen of this Ummah are its Qurraa.

In this first epoch of Islam the term, qurraa (reciters) referred to the Ulama. The explanation of this doubt is: Since these evils are the characteristics of nifaaq, their presence in one creates resemblance with the munafiqeen. In having these evil traits which are the special features of nifaaq one will be simulating the munafiqeen in character. Thus the hadith: He in who there exist four traits is a total munaafiq., means that such a person has a very strong affinity and resemblance with the munafiqeen. It does not mean that he is a munaafiq in the technical or actual sense-a hidden kaafir.

It is thus an established fact that even today there does exist nifaaq which corrupts ikhlas. Such nifaaq prevails extensively. It is therefore imperative that all Muslims in general, and students of Deeni Knowledge in particular, be aware and alert of nifaaq so that they do not become embroiled in its corruptive and calamitous influences. It is incumbent to protect ones ikhlas and the perfection of ones Imaan by being ever alert of the danger of nifaaq.

Hadhrat Abu Hurairah (radiallahu anhu) said:

The signs of the munaafiq are three. When he speaks, he lies; when he promises, he violates and when he is trusted, he abuses that trust. Hadhrat Abdullah Bin Umar (radiallahu anhu) narrates that Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said:

He in who there are four qualities is a total munaafiq. He in who there is one of these qualities, has in him a quality of nifaaq. [This nifaaq remains in him] until he shuns it. When he is trusted, he misappropriates; when he speaks, he lies; when he pledges, he betrays and when he disputes, he becomes abusive. [Bukhari, Muslim]

When the student to the Deeni Madaaris is admitted as a student, he is required to sign a pledge. He signs the pledge to abide by all the rules and regulations of the Madressah. Violation of this signed pledge comes within the scope of the hadith> words:

When he pledges, he violates.

Such violation of ones pledge is in conflict with Imaan. Submission, therefore, to the rules and regulations of the Madressah is essential. It is necessary that the student goes through the written rules often so that these remain fresh in his memory, Thus will he be saved from the evil of violation of the pledge which he has signed.

In the Kitab, Al-Adaabun Nabawi, in the commentary of the hadith, In who there are four qualities...., it is said:

In reality, these four qualities are major sins which bring spiritual destruction. They are such crimes which bring ruin in their wake. They do not emanate from a Mumin whose heart is filled with Isnaaa This hadith is a great pillar among the pillars of moral character on which is based the, honour and elevation of nations.

A nation in which these evil traits abound becomes recognized. [These are]: their greeting is curse [i.e.instead of greeting, they curse); their nourishment is by plundering; their booty is wealth contemptible.

Such a nation exists in a low state of moral degeneration. Its influence and standing as a self-respecting and independent nation will cease. Mundane and social hardships will engulf it. Corruption, anarchy, strife and mischief erupt in the wake of such moral degeneration. Peace and prosperity are destroyed. Earlier it was mentioned that hypocritical traits are not limited to four. In Surah Munaafiqoon, Tafseer Ibn Kathir presents a hadith from the Musnad of Ahmad. In this hadith eight factors of nifaaq are mentioned:

Abu Hurairah narrates that Nabi: [sallallahu alayhi wasallam J said:

Verily, the munafiqeen have some signs by means of I which they are which has been placed in their trust; they do not venture near to the Musjids, and if they do, they indulge in nonsensical talk; they come to Salaat the very last and in pride; they love none nor do others love them; and, during the night they lay sleeping [like logs] while during the day

they wander around bellowing and screaming.

ln short, hypocrisy produces moral degeneration, pursuit of ulterior and baneful motives, misappropriation of trust and renunciation of the Deen. When mans moral fibre is destroyed, his tongue becomes abusive and noxious and his actions despicable and abhorrent. When the attribute of amaanat is annihilated, plundered wealth seems wholesome. Khiyanat (misappropriation) then seems adorable. Affliction with pernicious motives makes one unconcerned with the rights of others. A man suffering from baneful motives recognizes nothing but his own desires. His heart is devoid of love and pity for others. People detest him. This is always the fate which overtakes a selfish person. When indifference to the Deen sets in the heart, there remains no knife in Salaat. The true student of knowledge imbued with ikhlas will always abstain from these hypocritical acts and traits. He will never lay hands on the property of another without permission of the owner, be the owner present or absent. The true student of Deeni knowledge will have a

natural aversion for the evil branches of nifaaq. He will not operate on the basis of ulterior and selfish motives. He will accord priority to the rights of others. In fact, he will prefer the rights of all aspects of creation and not give priority to his own demands. He will not dishonour or disgrace anyone. Me will not injure anyone. He will treat all creation in the light of their being the children of Allah . He will thus endeavour to be a source of comfort for them. He will love all and in consequence he will be loved by all. He will possess true honour. In particular, the true student of llm-e-Deen will meticulously observe the rules, advices and guidance of the Madressah. The respect and

honour of the Ustadhs will be grounded in him. He will therefore be enthusiastic in rendering service to them. A student measuring up to this standard is looked on with love, honour and respect by all the Ustadhs and officials of the Madressah. Spiritual benefit (the barakaat and fuyudhh) of Ilm permeates his being. A student of such lofty character is never neglectful nor indolent in his Salaat which is among the Huqooq (Rights) of Allah Taala. He always presents himself in the Musjid in humility, with respect and on time. No vestige of abuse, vulgarity, misbehaviour and futility will be found in him.

The hadith says: Verily, these two [Fajr and Ishaa] are the most difficult on the munafiqeen.

Since these two Salaats entail sacrifice of sleep and comfort, they are most difficult on the hypocrites. If this difficulty is merely, a natural state then it will not be evil. In this natural state, one will not be prevented from attending the Salaat on time. One overcomes the difficulty. In fact, such striving (mujahada) against the natural propensities is the means of procuring higher spiritual states and reward. However, if this sleep and comfort have become so loveable that they overshadow Salaat and eliminate the very intention of Fajr and Ishaa Salaat, then this will be the condition of the munafiqeen. Conscious and deliberate abstention from Salaat is undoubtedly resemblance with the practice of the hypocrites. The hadith shareef says:

This is the Salaat of the munaafiqhe sits waiting for the sun to

become yellow until it settles between the two horns of shaitaan [i.e. very

close to sunset]. He then stands up and makes four pecks in which he

[barely] makes the thikr of Allah. [Muslim]



According to this hadith, deliberate procrastination of Salaat is evidence of the Salaat being considered insignificant, hence it being compared with pecks (the pecks of a fowl) to indicate the contempt in which Allah Taala holds it. To consider Salaat to be insignificant is the attitude of the munafiqeen. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said:

Jamaat [Salaat] is of the ways of guidance. Only a munaafiq is negligent of it.

The munaafiq is contemptible because of his despicable acts.

Nonsensical, abusive and audacious talk are branches of nifaaq.

About nonsensical conversation, another narration states:

Verily, I fear for this Ummat every such munaafiq who will speak with wisdom and perpetrate, injustice.

The most fearsome object which I fear for my Ummat is every such

munaafiq who has the ability of eloquent expression.



Commenting on this hadith, the authorities says that it means:

One who has knowledge and whose tongue is glib with eloquence, but his heart and deeds are ignorant and his beliefs are corrupt. He misleads and deceives people with his evil and eloquence of speech.

His tongue operates glibly in knowledge and eloquence while his heart his corrupt and devoid of virtue. Rasulullah [sallallahu alayhi wasallam] feared such a munaafiq for his Ummat because he [the munaafiq] being versed in knowledge will obtain a following of people. People will follow him and he will lead them astray.



Eloquence of speech and ability in oratory, be it for the masses or for academic discourse, minus virtuous moral character and perfection of Imaan, are not desirable by the Shariah. Far from being considered laudable, the Shariah brands as a munaafiq an eloquent orator bereft of Islamic moral character and perfected Imaan. ln view of this grave danger, it is imperative that the student of Islamic knowledge, during his days of acquiring knowledge, while developing his academic ability, should to a greater extent pay attention to the purification and l reformation of his nafs. His baatin has to be purified

and adorned with the lofty attributes of excellence. He has to cultivate a superb moral character. He stands in no need of involving himself in the pursuit of developing the ability of oratory for public speaking. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said:

The similitude of a faajir [immoral personin one narration it is said munaafiq] who recites the Quraan is like a fragrant plant. Its smell is fragrant but its taste is bitter./Bukhari, Muslim]

Commenting on this Hadith, Kitaabul Aadaabun Nabawi states:

He is such a faajir or munaafiq whose Imaan is in name only and whose Deen is superficial. He recites the Quraan and memorizes it well.

He is versed in the ways of tilaawat and in the styles of pronouncing its words and in its symphony. But, it will not descend his throat (i.e. it will not enter his heart, for he is insincere].Should you test him, it will become apparent to you that his heart is black, his breast dark, his character bitter and his actions pernicious.



Rasulullah [sallallahu alayhi wasallam ] compared such a person to a fragrant plant which has a bitter taste.

This person recites the Quraan and you derive pleasure from his recitation just as you derive pleasure from the fragrance of the plant. But his heart and nafs are wrapped up in evil. You will taste his bitterness and experience his villainy when you have dealings with him. The Quraan has no effect on his nafs because his evil and hypocrisy are sealed on his heart. Advice and admonition have, therefore, no effect on him.

This hadith and its commentary clearly indicate that superficial or shallow knowledge of the Quraan without reformation, adornment and perfection of Imaan and Deen upon which culture, character and social progress rest, has no merit. In fact, the person who recites the Quraan with beauty, observing all the rules of tajweed and qiraat while remaining unconcerned with the upliftment of his Imaan, has been branded as a munaafiq. This conveys then the error of considering the acquisition of tajweed and qiraat as the limits of perfection. Those suffering from this erroneous conception of outer-knowledge are not concerned with the acquisition of the knowledge of the Shariah-of both zaahir and baatin dimensions nor are they observant of virtuous acts. The tilaawat and qiraat of such persons have no beneficial effect on their internal conditions. There hearts forever remain darkened. Their moral and social lives are corrupt.

In Tahtaawi Alad Durr it is said:

The vilest of mankind is a faasiq who recites the Quraan and learns much the Deen of Allah while he puts himself at the disposal of an evil person. When he is in the mood he recites [the Quraan] as a mere past-time. Allah then seals the hearts of the reciter and the audience [of this reciter].



Such recitation is only as far as the throat and does not penetrate into the heart. It is clear from this explanation of Tahtaawi that acquisition of knowledge for ulterior motives, not for the sake of Allahs Pleasure, but for worldly motives, is indeed a vile act.

Another fact of importance which emerges from the explanation of Tahtaawi is that it is evil to recite the Quraan as an idle past-time. Reciting the Quraan Shareef with such a careless and disrespectful attitude produces harmful impressions on the heart. Misuse of the Quraan-e-Kareem is to dishonour it and its consequence is the annihilation of the spiritual propensity of the heart. The heart is blinded and such blindness is described as the sealing of the heart.

COMPARABLE TO MUNAAFIQS

In a hadith recorded in Nisaai Shareef it is said that women who

refuse to submit to the authority of their husbands are among the munafiqeen. The contract or agreement of Nikah as well as every other contract demand endurance and perpetuation. It has to be executed in the fullest measure. This demands patience and forbearance. Women who extricate themselves from the authority of their husbands and flee from them because of disagreement, arguments and events in conflict with their temperament happen, are described in the hadith as hypocrites

Those students who abandon a Madressah after having being admitted are in a similar category. Certain rules of the Madressah or attitudes of the Ustadhs or officials may conflict with the likes and disposition of the student or he may discover greater material comfort elsewhere. As a result he leaves the Madressah and seeks admission elsewhere. This move of the student is in violation of his pledge. He thus falls within the ambit of the aforementioned hadith which describes disobedient wives as among the munafiqeen.

Another hadith states:

The munaafiq is like a stray she-goat.

In terms of this hadith, domination by selfish motives, adoption of restlessness and vagrancy of disposition, failure to oppose emotions, failure to restrict and thwart desires, failure to accord priority to the Shariah, cowardice, weakness of attitude and impatience are all below the dignity of man and are comparable with the characteristics of a female goat and the attributes of the munafiqeen.

It is necessary that the student of Deen always confronts with intelligence the vicissitudes of emotion and the tumults of temperament. He must not permit stray thoughts, emotional eruptions and baneful influences to dominate and overwhelm him. He must bear in mind the call of the Shariah and courageously divert his attentions from all lslamically uncultural inclinations and corrupt attitudes and thoughts.

He who seeks knowledge in order to dispute with the U lama or to argue with the ignoramuses or to draw the attention of people towards him, Allah will enter him into the Fire.



THE ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE SAHABA

Of vital importance is that the student of Deeni knowledge respect, revere and honour all Sahaabah-e-Kiraaam. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said in this regard:

The sign of Imaan is to love the Ansaar and the sign of nifaaq is to have hatred for the Ansaar.

Thus, love for the Sahaba is the sign of Imaan and hatred for them is the sign of nifaaq. In terms of the Quraan and Hadith, honour and love for the Sahaba are wajib (obligatory). The famous book on Islamic beliefs, viz., Sharh-e-Mawaaqif states:

Honouring all Sahaba is compulsory. In the same way, abstention from criticizing totem is also compulsory because Allah Azza Wa /al has praised them in His Kitab in several places.....and, Rasulullah [sallallahu alayhi wasallam] loved and praised them in numerous ahadith.

In Tirmizi Shareef appears the following narration of Hadhrat Abdullah Bin Umar (radiallahu anhu) who says that Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said:

When you see those who revile my Ashaab then say [to them]: The lanat of Allah on your evil.

In Jamul Fawaid it is said:

Do not abuse my Ashaab. Verily, even if any of you had to spend [in the Path of Allah] gold to the extent of Mount Uhud, it will not equal [in merit and thawaab] even a pound or half a pound of what they [the Sahaba] spent in the path of Allah.

Whoever loves them [Sahaba] loves them because of love for me. Whoever hates them, does so because he hates me.

In another hadith it appears:

Thus, whoever reviles them, the lanat of Allah, of the Malaaikah and of all mankind be on him. On the Day of Qiyamah Allah will not accept any of his deeds.

In Musaayarah, Allaamah Ibn Kummaam writes;

The belief of the Able Sunnah Wal Jamaah is to assert the holiness of all Sahaba by virtue of their justice and uprighteousness being established facts [Rasulullah-sallallahu alayhi wasallam- testified to this],

This belief is wajib. It is likewise wajib to refrain from criticizing them. Praise has to be lauded one .them because Allah Taala has praised them.

Thus, to honour and love all the Sahaba are necessary corollaries of Imaan. To abstain from honouring and loving them and to criticize them ,are signs of nifaaq. Therefore, all people of Imaan in general, and the :searchers of Deeni knowledge in particular, should respect, love, revere .and honour all Sahaba of Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam ). At the same time they have to refrain from any kind of criticism whatever of these illustrious personalities. This is vitalan important requirement of the highest degree.





A CONCISE LIST OF THE FACTORS OF NIFAAQ

There are numerous factors and signs of nifaaq. These are enumerated hereunder.

Indifference towards Salaat, indifference towards jamaat, breaking promises, speaking lies, misappropriation of trust, abusing, regarding mere vocabulary, eloquence of speech and rhetoric to be perfections, to recite the Quraan Shareef in rhythmic j tones as a mere past-time, refraining from the cultivation of moral character, indulging in disturbances, shouting slogans, uproarious behaviour, adopting liberalism, confrontation with Ustadhs, disrespect to seniors, speaking audaciously with Ustadhs, impatience, abandoning ones Madressah, violation of ones pledge, be it a verbal or a written pledge, riya, show and to neglect self-reformation.

This is a brief list of the factors of hypocrisy.



TAQWA

A vital condition for the acquisition of the reality of llm-e-Deen is taqwa, The nature of taqwa consists of abstention from all sin, external (zahir) as well as internal (baatin).

In addition to abstaining from all the factors and acts of nifaaq it is incumbent to abstain from all aspects of kufr, shirk, judaism and Christianity. All immorality and sin must be shunned. Failure to inculcate taqwa will result in the waste of a life-time of effort expended in the pursuit of knowledge. A life-time spent in acquiring knowledge will be of no avail since in the absence of taqwa the inner reality the Noor of knowledge will not dawn upon one. True knowledge cannot be attained without the condition of taqwa. Without taqwa one cannot be a Molvi or an Alim in the true sense of the word. An Alim is not one who possesses mere proficiency in the Arabic language. In Egypt and Beirut numerous Christians are proficient in Arabic. In Europe there are even professors in the Islamic branches of studies. But, such men can never be leaders of the Deen. A Molvi or a practical Alim cannot be produced without the inculcation of taqwa. It is therefore essential that the student who seeks admission to a Madressah for pursuing higher Deeni knowledge either first acquires taqwa, i.e. prior to involving himself in academic studies, or he engages himself in the elimination of the evils of the nafs and in moral upliftment and self-purification simultaneously with his academic studies. Only then will he acquire the treasure of true knowledge, i.e. the Noor of llm.



MUTAA LA AH

Mutaala-ah is derived from the term tuloo which means to rise, to emerge. This infinitive verb (i.e. the masdar belong to the section known in Ilm-e-Sarf as Baab Mufaa-alah . A characteristic of this baab is tadiyah, i.e. transformation of the verb into the active state. Hence, the meaning of mutaala-ah will be:

to extricate, to bring out or to take out.

Mutaala-ah here refers to the self-study of lessons prior to attending classes. Mutaala-ah comprises three aspects:

(1) Solving all problems pertaining to llm-e-Sarf.

(2) Solving all problems pertaining to llm-e-Nahw.

(3) Establishing the actual meaning of the lesson.



Mutaala-ah does not mean merely to brush or glance over the words and rattle them off. The student of Deeni knowledge has to hear in mind the reality and importance of this system of self-study and engross himself therein. An important requirement for mutaala-ah is solitude. Success in mutaala-ah will be commensurate with the degree of solitude the student adopts.

i.: Initially the student will experience difficulty in the exercise of correct

and true mutaala-ah and inspite of expending considerable time in it he will perceive little progress (i.e. quantitatively). After having spent much time he may succeed in solving only one or two lines of the lesson. However, constancy in mutaala-ah will lead to improvement in ability and speed to solve the intricacies of the lessons. The sharpness in his intellect will increase considerably. Moreover, he will experience great intellectual pleasure from his mutaala-ah. The lessons will become grounded in his mind. This then is the way to create intellectual ability and progress.



It is therefore essential to sacrifice time and comfort in the exercise of mutaala-ah. The student must banish indolence from his itinerary. As far as is possible mutaala-ah must be undertaken before attending any lesson in class.



DARS ATTENDANCE

Regular and punctual attendance of classes as well as l thorough attention to the lectures of the Ustadhs are vital for the success of the student. Presence of body and absence of mind will not benefit the student. Maximum academic and spiritual benefit will be obtained by the attendance of the body, mind, heart and soul. Irregular attendance will deprive the student of the benefit of Ilm.



TAKRAAR

Takraar means to repeat the study of the lesson after having done it in class. Usually a group of students gather and the lesson already done in class is repeated. However, this system is not dependent on a number of students gathering. Therefore, the student should not wait in anticipation of a group. Even in solitude he should fulfill this requirement of takraar.

These are the three essential ingredients for the success of the student. Hadhrat Hakimul Ummat said in this regard:

If the student executes three duties, I guarantee that he will acquire [at least] book knowledge. [1) Mutaala-ah [2] Regular attendance and paying full attention. [3] Takraar.

A fourth duty is also of importance although of a lesser degree than these three. This fourth factor is to daily refer to a section of previous lessons.



SOLITUDE

Among the conditions for the successful acquisition of llm-e-Deen is solitude. It is necessary that the student of Deeni knowledge adopts both physical and intellectual solitude. He has to emancipate his mind from a(I unnecessary association and relationships. He must abstain from friendly relationships and gatherings. He must stay away as far as is possible from contact with people. He must totally shun diversionary and extramural activities. He must not go on tours and sight-seeing excursions. He has to abstain from newspapers, magazines, novels, etc. ,even if these pertain to historical matter.

The activities mentioned above are all diversionary and constitute calamities for the one plodding the uphill and long sojourn in the quest for the knowledge of the Deen. The searcher after the priceless treasure of llm-e-Deen cannot afford these impediments, for they create corruption and confusion in the mind and soul. They constitute fatal poisons for the peace of the mind, which is an entity of so much importance for the pursuit of Deeni llm. His fulfillment of the obligations and duties related to, Ilm will be commensurate with the degree of his solitude and peace of mind, The greater the degree of his solitude, the greater the degree of his success in meeting the demands] of the acquisition of llm. By means of solitude will the student unlock the door to progress and success

Verily, the Bearer of the Quran is the Standard-bearer of Islam.

THE USTADHS

The student who recognizes the significance and the importance of Deeni knowledge, who regards knowledge as a priceless treasure, in whose heart there is embedded the love of Allah Taala and Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam), will most certainly honour the Ustadhs and have love in his heart for them. Their respect will rank uppermost in his mind. Ustadhs, in fact, are the links in the chain of transmission, instruct-ion and guidance of Allah and His Rasul (sallallahu alayhi wasallam). That Chain links up with Allah Taala via the agency of Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam). Ustadhs ensure that such lofty and noble instruction and guidance reach the student.

Rasulullah [(sallallahu alayhi wasallam) described as his Khalifa (Representative) one who transmits his Shariah and Sunnah to others. Therefore, respect and honour accorded to the Ustadhs are in reality respect and honour for Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam). In Abu Dawood Shareef appears the following narration of Hadhrat Taa-oos (rahmatullah alayhi):

Of the Sunnah is to honour four persons: an Aalim, an aged man, a sultan and ones father.

The hadith brands as a munaafiq the person who scorns at the Ulama and considers them as being insignificant. Allaamah Sharaani (rahmatullah alayhi) writes in Uhood-e-Muhammadiyyyah:

A general promise has been taken from us by the direction of Rasulullah [sallallahu alayhi wasallam] that we honour, respect and revere the llama and [that we acknowledge that] we can never compensate their favours even if we had to hand over to them all the wealth we own or even if we have to labour for them all our lives.

The majority of students have failed to uphold this pledge and so have the mureeds in the path of Tasawwuf. This degeneration has reached the level where we cannot find a single one among them [students and mureeds] who fulfils the wajib rights of his Ustadhs. This is a grave disease and it indicates that llm as well as Rasulullah [sallallahu alayhi wasallam] who commanded us to honour the Ulama, are being treated with contempt

This should cause the student of the Deen to reflect. Allaamah Sharaani (rahmatullah alayhi) has demonstrated the high rank, importance and significance of the rights of Ustadhs. All our wealth and all our services can never be an adequate compensation for the rights which they have over us.

Honouring seniors was an outstanding feature of our Akaabireen (former senior Ulama). Once a publisher requested Hadhrat Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) to write a review on the translation of the Quraan Shareef prepared by Hadhrat Shaikhul Hind (rahmatullah alayhi). Hadhrat Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) declined, saying that a review should be written by one who has the right of praising as well as the right to criticize. But, since Hadhrat Shaikhul Hind (rahmatullah alayhi) was the Ustadh of Hadhrat Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi), he said:

Should I write a review and laud praises, it will imply that I have the right of criticism as well. This implication is evil [when related to ones Ustadh].

The high degree of respect for an Ustadh is evident from this noble attitude of Hadhrat Hakimul Ummat (rahmatullah alayhi) who could not tolerate even the idea of him criticizing or even possessing the right to criticize his Ustadh. He regards even this implication as a violation of the honour and sanctity of ones Ustadhs.

Hadhrat Maulana Muhammad Qasim (rahmatullah alayhi) said:

Whatever one gains [in knowledge], is by virtue of respect for the Ustadh. He who is disrespectful to his Ustadhs will never gain knowledge.

The authorities of the Shariah have therefore averred: He who has no adab has no ilm.

Respect is not confined to only the Ustadhs. All media and objects of knowledge have to be respected. On account of a relationship with Ilm, every Alim, Haafiz, kitaab and even instruments of knowledge, e.g. pen, paper, ink, desks, madressah buildings, etc., have necessarily to be respected.

A GRAVE MISCONCEPTION

Some minds while conceding the need to uphold the rights, etc., of llm, claim that nowadays Ustadhs of the former calibre do not exist, hence there is no need to offer such great respect to Ustadhs of the present age. They claim that Ustadhs in general, suffer from spiritual! ailments, e.g. greed, desire, etc., hence it is not possible to honour and respect such Ustadhs. Needless to say, this is a shaitaani waswasaha satanic deception which must be banished from the mind. The Hadith Shareef states the following statement of Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam):

The best of ages is my period, then that period following it, then that period which follows.

The age which succeeded the period of Nabi-e-Kareem (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) was of a lower degree in nobility, and the succeeding age was even of lesser rank. As time drifts further and further from the original source (i.e. Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wasallam) degeneration and corruption sets in more and more, each succeeding age being more inferior to the preceding age. The above-cited hadith implies that a generation cannot apply to it the standard of a previous generation, for the former generation has been bestowed with superiority and greater excellence than the generation which succeeds it.

In the light of the rule which has been stated in this hadith shareef, we see that the Ulama of a former age being superior to the Ulama of the age succeeding it; the Sufis of a former age being superior to the Sufis of the age succeeding it; the Ustadhs of a former age being superior to the Ustadhs of the age succeeding it; the students of a former age being superior to the students of the age succeeding it, (Not (only this. We observe that even the ignoramuses of a former age being superior to the ignoramuses of the age succeeding itTranslator). Thus, degeneration in rank and quality is not confined to the Ustadhs. It is a rule which applies to all strata of society and it is a natural circumstance which cannot be utilized to waive the rights of superiors or seniors. If the rank of the Ustadhs has fallen then to a far greater extent has the rank of the students fallen, especially of such students who possess anarchistic attitudes and have absolutely no consideration for even the wajib huqooq of their Ustadhs and seniors.

The above-stated rule emanating from the holy statement of Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) effectively closes the door for the satanic deception-the deceptive and misleading arguments which shaitaan whispers into the minds of those students who totally disregard the rights of Ustadhs and seniors. By instilling such deception into the minds of students, shaitaan desires to sever the ties which students have with their Ustadhs and seniors. Such satanic thoughts sow suspicion in the mind for seniors. By the presentation of such false arguments (as the waiving of respect and rights because of the Ustadhs being of a lesser calibre) shaitaan steers the students towards liberalism (the evil which has swept into anarchy and immorality the institutions of the kuffaar translator] and anarchy. The satanic design envisages the dismemberment of the united Ummah. Shaitaan endeavors to split one from the other to facilitate his task of devouring the Ummah. It is relatively a simple task for shaitaan to capture people individually like the wolf catches easily the sheep which has strayed from the flock.

It should be borne in mind that if virtue and piety have diminished in the Ustadhs as a result of the great separation from the blessed former epochs, then to a far greater extent has the degeneration set in the students. Students of today are also located at a point in time, which is far divorced from the golden epochs of Khairul Quroon (The Noblest of Ages). In general, the Ustadhs are nobler than the students. Their superiority and rank above students are established Shari as well as logical facts. Intelligence concedes this. It is, therefore, incumbent upon students to hold their Ustadhs in high esteem and to entertain good opinions about them. This is of absolute importance in this domain of llm-e-Deen since faidh (spiritual benefit) to the students is not possible without the agency of Ustadhs. If the avenue leading to the fountain of foyoodh is blocked, deprivation of spiritual gain is the compulsory consequence. This is the realm in which operate the rooh and the lofty celestial forces and factors. Thus, if the road to this realm is sealed, the student is sealed off from the lustre, intuition, insight and perception which pertain to the spiritual realm and which are among the attributes of true llm. In this regard, some illustrious soul commented aptly:

He who falls, falls because he shunned respect and honour.

Some students struck by liberalism hold in tow esteem such Ustadhs who naturally happen to have simple dispositions. They feel that such Ustadhs do not deserve respect, hence they refrain from honouring them. This too is a dangerous ploy of shaitaan who ensnares the inexperienced and self-opinionated students into traps of spiritual calamity. It is there-fore imperative that students ignore such evil thoughts which assault their minds. Irrespective of the inferiority of rank of an Ustadh, he constitutes a¿ medium for the conveyance of baatini faidh from the Fountain of Faidh, (viz., Rasulullahsallallahu alayhi wasallam). Nemats (bounties) of Allah Taala, no matter of which kind, do not reach man directly. This is a material world of means and agencies. There is .a medium for everything in this world. The medium of securing the spiritual advantages of knowledge which emanates from the spiritual realm and diffuses into this mundane realm, is the Ustadh. He is the students link. He joins the student to this golden and wonderful chain .Without his intervention there is no way of attaining the lofty gains radiating from the spiritual fountain. It is incumbent to honour as well as refrain from dishonouring the nemats of Allah Taala. Ingratitude is a grievous crime. Allah Taala declares in the Quraan Shareef:

Verily, if you are grateful, I will certainly increase [the bounties] for you. And if you are ungrateful, then, most assuredly, My Punishment is severe.

To honour and appreciate the ways and means of knowledge are essential. It is incumbent to be grateful to those who are the medium of the wonderful, noble and lofty Nemat of Deeni knowledge. To dishonour the medium is tantamount to dishonouring the Nemat itself. In this regard the hadith shareef states:

He who is not grateful to man, is not grateful to Allah.

Thus, to honour, respect, revere, praise and to be grateful to the medium through which the Nemat of Ilm has reached us and is continually reaching us, are obligatory injunctions. Parents are the medium of ones physical existence in this material abode. Since they constituted the medium of ones existence it is incumbent upon man to love, honour, respect, revere and be grateful to them. This is incumbent even if they happen to be contaminated with kufr and shirk. Dishonouring, disrespecting and harming them are crimes of extremely grave dimensions. Similarly, Ustadhs in Deeni knowledge are the medium for our academic and spiritual life and progress. To be grateful and to honour and love them are likewise incumbent and to be ungrateful, disrespectful and irreverential to them are prohibited.

One way of showing gratitude to ones Ustadhs is to speak highly of their taleem (instruction) and to laud praise on them with sincerity. Shukr (gratitude) is shown in three ways:

(1) Inculcation of love and honour in the heart.

(2) Practical service rendered.

(3) Verbal praise.



The third form, viz., verbal praise, is the simplest and the easiest to discharge. Therefore, he who. refrains from even praising his Ustadhs has indeed abstained from gratitude. It has been narrated:

A servant who has not praised Allah is not grateful to Him.

The student who praises his Ustadhs or at least concedes the favour of his Ustadhs over him, has to a degree discharged the requirements of shukr. The following hadith supports this:

He who praises, verily, he is grateful.

And, he who conceals [i.e. refrains from praising and overlooks the nemat], verily, he is ungrateful.

Narrating the nemat is shukr.

It should now be manifest that it is haraam to engage in propaganda against ones Ustadhs. It is haraam to belittle them. it is haraam to bring them to disrepute. It is haraam to hold them in contempt. It is haraam to audaciously raise objections against them. (t is haraam to criticize them. It is haraam to disgrace them.



Some Adaab of USTADHS

(1) The student should not walk in front of his Ustadh nor should he sit in the place where the Ustadh normally sits. He should not raise his voice in the Ustadhs presence. He should endeavour to understand the attitude and disposition of the Ustadh and act in conformity. If it seems that the Ustadh has been overtaken by some worry then the student should not

question the Ustadh on such occasions. Postpone the query for another time. The student should not impatiently knock at the door of the Ustadh and call him out, but should wait patiently until the Ustadh emerges.



(2) The student should sit humbly in the presence of the Ustadh and listen with attention to what he has to say. He must concentrate and not allow anything to divert his mind from the Ustadh. He should not turn his attention to fellow-students when in the presence of the Ustadh. He should not sit in the presence of his Ustadh with rolled up sleeves or in any form of disrespectful attire. He should not fiddle or fidget with anything when in the presence of the Ustadh. He should not lean against something nor should he unnecessarily cough or clear his throat in the presence of his Ustadh. The degree of his respect for his Ustadh should be so high that he does not even turn the pages of the kitaab noisily in the presence of his Ustadh.



(3) The student should at all times consciously cultivate respect for his Ustadh. He must be obedient and have love for him. He should consider himself to be inferior to his Ustadh. Respect and obedience to Ustadhs should be outstanding features of the student of Deeni knowledge.



(4) The student must hold his Ustadh in high esteem, entertaining good and high opinions of his Ustadh. He must not take offence when the Ustadh rebukes him. He should not allow his heart to be contaminated with any ill-feeling for his Ustadh. At all times he should bear in mind that his Ustadh is his medium for the acquisition of Deeni knowledge and spiritual

advantage which ensues in the wake of such knowledge. He should not, therefore, close this door of the avenue of acquisition by disrespecting his Ustadh. If he allows anything to upset his respect for his Ustadh, the congeniality (munaasabat) and relationship of the heart upon which is dependent the transmission and acquisition of Deeni knowledge, will be eliminated. Suspicion will deprive the student of the fuyoodh and barakaat here on earth and in the Aakhirah the misfortune of such suspicion will apprehend the student.



5) If due to some misfortune the student was disrespectful to the Ustadh, he should make haste and with sincerity and in humility seek the pardon of the Ustadh. He must show genuine regret for his misbehaviour. In this way the Ustadhs heart will open up and the door of faidh will remain open.



(6)The student must not produce the arguments of others in refutation of his Ustadh. Such an attitude is a demonstration of defective reliance on the Ustadh.



(7)If anyone scandals or slanders the Ustadh, the student should refute such calumny and defend his Ustadh. Should the student lack the ability to put up a defence on behalf of his Ustadh, he must dissociate himself from such company involved in slandering his Ustadh.



The above is a brief description of the duties and respects which the student of Deeni knowledge owes his Ustadhs. The student imbued with a noble disposition and proper understanding will automatically perceive and understand the conception of Adaab for the Ustadhs. Our seniors were unique in this regard. Their respect for Ustadhs was outstanding and they were true replicas of the former illustrious Ulama of the early epochs of Islam. Hadhrat Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) said that whatever he had gained in the field of ilm was the result of the respect and honour he had for his Ustadhs. Hadhrat Maulana Yaqoob (rahmatullah alayhi) said likewise. Hadhrat Maulana Qaasim Nanotwi (rahmatullah alayhi) said:

He who is disrespectful to his Ustadh will not gain llm.



ISLAH

Another vital requirement is that the student enter into a relationship of islaah (reformation of the self and spiritual development) with some Sheikh or Muslih (a qualified spiritual guide). Without such a relationship the acquisition of knowledge and the proper execution of the demands and conditions of llm is extremely difficult and normally not possible. Ikhlaas (sincerity) is achieved from the suhbat ((companionship) of the Saaliheen (the pious saints). The great blessings emanating from such an association with the Saaliheen are the peculiarities, impressions, characteristics and spiritual effulgence of Jim.

If by the suhbat of the Auliya one does not achieve total reformat-ion, then too, at least the ability to recognize ones faults and shortcomings will be created in one. Such a realization is a sign of ones understanding being influenced by the Noor of llm, and this is the key to prosperity, fortune and success. Minus such pious association there will be no lasting benefit notwithstanding the obtainal of the written words in text books. Alas! Nowadays mere book-knowledge is considered par excellence whereas such superficial knowledge only serves the cause of personal opinion. The Noor of understanding is not obtained in this way. The Noor of understanding is not procurable without a relationship with the Ahlullah. Hadhrat Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) used to say:

Nowadays students labour under the impression that they will involve themselves actively in righteousness after accomplishment of the academic career. This is a shaitaani affliction, the consequence of which is to be deprived forever from practicing virtue. Remember that nothing is like the first impression. The knowledge which one gains regarding an act of virtue or vice while engaged in the acquisition of llm produces a significant and a deep effect on the heart. l f one derived benefit by giving practical expression to those early and initial impressions [while acquiring Ilm] then that first and deep effect will endure in the future. But, if the initial effect on the heart was ignored and left to wane into extinction, its renewal will not be simple:

The student should therefore understand well that if during his student days while traversing through the huge volume of pages of the - Quraan and Hadith, the occasions (stated in these pages) and circumstances of targheeb (exhortation and advice) and tarheeb (admonition and warning) register no impact on his heart, then what hope is there for his future? How will exhortation and admonition influence him later in the future? When the student closes his eyes from the very inception, he has no justification in his expectation of gaining the ability in the future for practicing righteousness. If he is not concerned with practicing righteous-ness during his student days, his heart will not be influenced by exhortation and admonition in the post-academic period.

Students sometimes labour under the misconception that what is prohibited for others is permissible for themselves. This idea is a devilish affliction of the nafs. It is conceded that while engaged in the acquisition of knowledge there is not much time for nafl ibaadat and forms of thikr. But, it should be mentioned that this non-availability of time for nafl applies only to such students who are engrossed in their studies. But, this never means that students should be careless about matters pertaining to halaal and haraam. Students are not exempted from the prohibitions and restrictions of the Shariah. They possess no licence to perpetrate falsehood, deception, scandal, slander, complaining, pride, vanity, show, jealousy, and the host of other evils. They dwell in deception by feeling that there is no need for them to be meticulous in the donning of Islamic attire and appearance. They have no right to be negligent and lazy in their Salaat. The following is the special advice which Hadhrat Thanvi (rahmatullah alayhi) offered students of Deeni knowledge:

I exhort students and people of knowledge. not to rely on only academic study. They should as a necessity establish a relationship with a man of Allah.

On page 54 it has been said:

Another fact to remember is that students of western education pay fees for their tuition, boarding and lodging. They, therefore, are entitled to demand what they had paid for if justice is not done to them

This statement does not sanction Strikes in secular institutions. Inspite of secular students having the right to demand what they had paid for, they too, have no right to strike and create anarchy and mischief. They have to resort to orderly and responsible means to achieve their rights. (The author- Hadhrat Masihullah)

SUMMARY

So far the conditions and principles of the acquisition of llm-e-Deen have been discussed. The impediments in the path of acquiring Deeni knowledge will now be discussed. The impediments and drawbacks of Deeni knowledge are listed hereunder:. Insincerity, corruption of intention, ulterior motives in the pursuit of Ilm, hypocritical attitudes, external and internal sin, evil acts, contemptible attributes, e.g. abstaining from taqwaa and neglecting study, unnecessary association, harmful relationships, futile activity, disrespect for Ustadhs and having no suhbat with the Ahlullah. The above all constitute serious impediments and destructive influences in the path of knowledge. However, the above are evils and obstacles singly. Then there is one great evil which is a conglomeration of all the abovementioned destructive factors. That act of combined evils is called a strike which have of recent reared its head in our Deeni Madaaris. Each and everyone of the above obstacles make up the ingredients of a strike or boycott of the Madressah. This embodiment of evil brings about the disruption of llm. The gravity and evil of these strikes make it imperative that we elaborate on these disruptive, anarchistic and un-Islamic activities. ************************************************************